Building a Better Vocabulary

Everyone—from beginning learners in English to veterans in journalism—knows the frustration of not having the right word immediately available in that lexicon one carries between one's ears. Sometimes it's a matter of not being able to recall the right word; sometimes we never knew it. It is also frustrating to read a newspaper or homework assignment and run across words whose meanings elude us. Language, after all, is power. When your children get in trouble fighting with the neighbors' children, and your neighbors call your children little twerps and you call their children nefarious miscreants—well, the battle is over and they didn't stand a chance. Building a vocabulary that is adequate to the needs of one's reading and self-expression has to be a personal goal for every writer and speaker.

Several quizzes have been connected to this section as vocabulary muscle builders. In addition, a javascript pop-up lexicon, A YEAR'S WORTH OF WORDS—with a word for every day of the year—is available. See the hyperlinks at the bottom of this page.

Making It Personal

Using some durable piece of paper—white construction paper or the insides of the ripped-off covers of old notebooks—begin to write down words in small but readable script that you discover in your reading that you can't define. Read journals and newspapers that challenge you in terms of vocabulary. Pursue words actively and become alert to words that you simply overlooked in the past. Write down the words in one column; then, later, when you have a dictionary at your disposal, write down a common definition of the word; in a third column, write a brief sentence using the word, underlined.
Carry this paper or cardboard with you always. In the pauses of your busy day—when you're sitting on the bus, in the dentist's office, during commercials—take out the paper and review your vocabulary words until you feel comfortable that you would recognize (and be able to use) these words the next time you see them. The amazing thing is that you will see the words again—even "nefarious miscreants," and probably sooner than you thought. In fact, you might well discover that the words you've written down are rather common. What's happening is not that, all of a sudden, people are using words you never saw before, but that you are now reading and using words that you had previously ignored.

Using Every Resource

Most bookstores carry books on building a more powerful vocabulary, some of them with zany names such as Thirty Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary. If you've got money to spare or if they're on sale, buy them and use them; they can't hurt. Books that group words according to what they have in common—more in meaning than in spelling—are especially useful.
Newspapers often carry brief daily articles that explore the meanings of words and phrases. These articles often emphasize peculiar words that won't find themselves into your working vocabulary, but they can still be fun. Often you'll find that learning one new word leads to other new words, little constellations of meaning that keep your brain cells active and hungry for more. Make reading these articles one of your daily habits, an addiction, even.
Play dictionary games with your family in which someone uses the dictionary to find a neat word and writes down the real definition and everyone else writes down a fake (and funny) definition. See how many people you can fool with your fake definitions.

Two trucks loaded with thousands of copies of Roget's Thesaurus collided as they left a New York publishing house last Thursday, according to the Associated Press.

Witnesses were aghast, amazed, astonished, astounded, bemused, benumbed, bewildered, confounded, confused, dazed, dazzled, disconcerted, disoriented, dumbstruck, electrified, flabbergasted, horrified, immobilized, incredulous, nonplussed, overwhelmed, paralyzed, perplexed, scared, shocked, startled, stunned, stupified, surprised, taken aback, traumatized, upset. . . .

— joke circulated on the Internet
December 2003

A thesaurus is like a dictionary except that it groups words within constellations of meaning. It is often useful in discovering just the right word you need to express what you want to say. Make sure you correctly understand the definition of a word (by using a dictionary) before using it in some important paper or report. Your bookstore salesperson can provide plenty of examples of an inexpensive thesaurus. The online Merriam Webster's WWWebster Dictionary has access to both an extensive dictionary and a hyperlinked thesaurus. Links allow you to go conveniently back and forth between the dictionary and the thesaurus.
If you have a speedy computer processor and a fast hookup to the internet, we recommend the Plumb Design Visual Thesaurus. Once the program is entirely loaded, type in a word that you would like to see "visualized," hit the return key, and a construct of verbal connections will float across the screen. Click on any of the words within that construct and a new pattern of connections will emerge. Try the Visual Thesaurus with several different kinds of words—verbs, adverbs, nouns, adjectives—and try adjusting some of the various controls on the bottom of the window. We do not recommend this web-site for slow machines; in fact, the bigger your monitor and the faster your computer and connection, the more satisfying this experience will be.
When people use a word that puzzles you, ask what it means! You'll find that most instructors, especially, are not in the least bothered by such questions—in fact, they're probably pleased that you're paying such close attention—but if they do seem bothered, write down the word and look it up later, before the context of the word evaporates.

Knowing the Roots

At least half of the words in the English language are derived from Greek and Latin roots. Knowing these roots helps us to grasp the meaning of words before we look them up in the dictionary. It also helps us to see how words are often arranged in families with similar characteristics.

For instance, we know that sophomores are students in their second year of college or high school. What does it mean, though, to be sophomoric? The "sopho" part of the word comes from the same Greek root that gives us philosophy, which we know means "love of knowledge." The "ic" ending is sometimes added to adjectival words in English, but the "more" part of the word comes from the same Greek root that gives us moron. Thus sophomores are people who think they know a lot but really don't know much about anything, and a sophomoric act is typical of a "wise fool," a "smart-ass"!
Let's explore further. Going back to philosophy, we know the "sophy" part is related to knowledge and the "phil" part is related to love (because we know that Philadelphia is the City of Brotherly Love and that a philodendron loves shady spots). What, then, is philanthropy? "Phil" is still love, and "anthropy" comes from the same Greek root that gives us anthropology, which is the study ("logy," we know, means study of any kind) of anthropos, humankind. So a philanthropist must be someone who loves humans and does something about it—like giving money to find a cure for cancer or to build a Writing Center for the local community college. (And an anthropoid, while we're at it, is an animal who walks like a human being.) Learning the roots of our language can even be fun!
Some common Greek and Latin roots:

	Root (source)	Meaning	English words
	aster, astr (G)	star	astronomy, astrology
	audi (L)	to hear	audible, auditorium
	bene (L)	good, well	benefit, benevolent
	bio (G)	life	biology, autobiography
	dic, dict (L)	to speak	dictionary, dictator
	fer (L)	to carry	transfer, referral
	fix (L)	to fasten	fix, suffix, affix
	geo (G)	earth	geography, geology
	graph (G)	to write	graphic, photography
	jur, just (L)	law	jury, justice
	log, logue (G)	word, thought, speech	monolog(ue), astrology, biology, neologism
	luc (L)	light	lucid, translucent
	manu (L)	hand	manual, manuscript
	meter, metr (G)	measure	metric, thermometer
	op, oper (L)	work	operation, operator
	path (G)	feeling	pathetic, sympathy, empathy
	ped (G)	child	pediatrics, pedophile
	phil (G)	love	philosophy, Anglophile
	phys (G)	body, nature	physical, physics
	scrib, script (L)	to write	scribble, manuscript
	tele (G)	far off	telephone,television
	ter, terr (L)	earth	territory, extraterrestrial
	vac (L)	empty	vacant, vacuum, evacuate
	verb (L)	word	verbal, verbose
	vid, vis (L)	to see	video, vision, television

Authority for this chart: The Little, Brown Handbook by H. Ramsay Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, & Kay Limburg. 6th ed. HarperCollins: New York. 1995. By permission of Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.

Learning Prefixes and Suffixes

Knowing the Greek and Latin roots of several prefixes and suffixes (beginning and endings attached to words) can also help us determine the meaning of words. Ante, for instance, means before, and if we connect bellum with belligerant to figure out the connection with war, we'll know that antebellum refers to the period before war. (In the United States, the antebellum period is our history before the Civil War.)

Prefixes showing quantity
	Meaning	Prefixes in English Words
	half	semiannual, hemisphere
	one	unicycle, monarchy, monorail
	two	binary, bimonthly, dilemma, dichotomy
	hundred	century, centimeter, hectoliter
	thousand	millimeter, kilometer
Prefixes showing negation
	without, no, not	asexual, anonymous, illegal, immoral, invalid, irreverent, unskilled
	not, absence of, opposing, against	nonbreakable, antacid, antipathy, contradict
	opposite to, complement to	counterclockwise, counterweight
	do the opposite of, remove, reduce	dehorn, devitalize, devalue
	do the opposite of, deprive of	disestablish, disarm
	wrongly, bad	misjudge, misdeed
Prefixes showing time
	before	antecedent, forecast, precede, prologue
	after	postwar
	again	rewrite, redundant
Prefixes showing direction or position
	above, over	supervise, supererogatory
	across, over	transport, translate
	below, under	infrasonic, infrastructure, subterranean, hypodermic
	in front of	proceed, prefix
	behind	recede
	out of	erupt, explicit, ecstasy
	into	injection, immerse, encourage, empower
	around	circumnavigate, perimeter
	with	coexist, colloquy, communicate, consequence, correspond, sympathy, synchronize

Authority for this table: The Little, Brown Handbook by H. Ramsay Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, & Kay Limburg. 6th ed. HarperCollins: New York. 1995. By permission of Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.

Suffixes, on the other hand, modify the meaning of a word and frequently determine its function within a sentence. Take the noun nation, for example. With suffixes, the word becomes the adjective national, the adverb nationally, and the verb nationalize.

See what words you can come up with that use the following suffixes.

• Typical noun suffixes are -ence, -ance, -or, -er, -ment, -list, -ism, -ship, -ency, -sion, -tion, -ness, -hood, -dom
  
• Typical verb suffixes are -en, -ify, -ize, -ate
  
• Typical adjective suffixes are -able, -ible, -al, -tial, -tic, -ly, -ful, -ous, -tive, -less, -ish, -ulent
• The adverb suffix is -ly (although not all words that end in -ly are adverbs—like friendly)

Using Your Dictionary

The dictionary should be one of the most often used books in your home. (We'll allow room for sacred texts here.) Place the dictionary somewhere so that you can find it immediately and use it often. If you do your reading and homework in the kitchen and the dictionary is on a shelf in the den or bedroom, it's too tempting to say "I'll look it up next time."
The home dictionary should be large enough to contain much more than just spellings. It should contain extensive definitions, word origins, and notes on usage. Carrying in your purse or backpack a pocket dictionary with more concise definitions is also a good idea. Get in the habit of turning to it often. A well worn dictionary is a beautiful thing.

Using the Internet

You can use the internet as an aid to vocabulary development by exploring the abundant opportunities for reading available on the World Wide Web. Capital Community College maintains an extensive list of online newspapers and commentary magazines. Choose magazines such as Atlantic and Mother Jones that challenge your mind and your vocabulary with full-text articles. At least once a week read a major article with the purpose of culling from it some vocabulary words that are unfamiliar to you. We also recommend the New York Times Book Review (which might require an easy, one-time, free registration).
Vocabulary University is a new online resource for working on groups of related vocabulary words in a puzzle format. Vocabulary U., a graphically rich Web site, is broken into beginning, intermediate, and college-level work. Vocabulary for English Language Learners is a treasury and nicely organized resources for ESL students. It is maintained by the College of Arts & Sciences of Ohio University.
There are also at least two services that send you an e-mail message every day with a new word—with definitions, pronunciation guides, and examples of its use. Get in the habit of reading these messages regularly. Print out the words and definitions you think will be really useful, or write them down and carry them around with you on your personal vocabulary builder.

The Importance of Speaking Practice

There are 4 key skills when you learn a language:

1. listening
2. speaking
3. reading
4. writing

Which one of these is the "Odd-One-Out"? Which one of these is different from the other three? The answer is speaking. The other three you can do alone, on your own, without anyone else. You can listen to the radio alone. You can read a book alone. You can write a letter alone. But you can't really speak alone! Speaking to yourself can be "dangerous" because men in white coats may come and take you away!!
That is why you should make every effort possible to find somebody to speak with. Where can you find people who can speak English with you? And how can you practise speaking when you are alone?

At School

If you go to a language school, you should use the opportunity to speak to your teachers and other students. When you go home, you can still practise listening, reading and writing, but you probably can't practise speaking. If your teacher asks you a question, take the opportunity to answer. Try to say as much as possible. If your teacher asks you to speak in pairs or groups with other students, try to say as much as possible. Don't worry about your mistakes. Just speak!

Conversation Clubs

Many cities around the world have conversation clubs where people can exchange one language for another. Look in your local newspaper to find a conversation club near you. They are usually free although some may charge a small entrance fee.

Shopping

If you are living in an English-speaking country, you have a wonderful opportunity. Practise speaking to the local people such as shop assistants or taxi drivers. Even if you don't want to buy anything, you can ask questions about products that interest you in a shop. "How much does this cost?" "Can I pay by cheque?" "Which do you recommend?" Often you can start a real conversation - and it costs you nothing!

Pubs and Bars

Even if you don't live in an English-speaking country, there are often American, British, Irish and Australian pubs in many large cities. If you can find one of these pubs, you'll probably meet many people speaking English as a first or second language.

Language is all around You

Everywhere you go you find language. Shop names, street names, advertisements, notices on buses and trains... Even if you are not in an English-speaking country, there are often a lot of English words you can see when walking in the street, especially in big cities. And there are always numbers. Car numbers, telephone numbers, house numbers... How can this help you? When you walk down the street, practise reading the words and numbers that you see. Say them to yourself. It's not exactly a conversation, but it will help you to "think" in English. For example, if you walk along a line of parked cars, say the number on each car quickly as you pass it. Test yourself, to see how fast you can walk and still say each number. But don't speak too loud!

Songs and Video

Listen to the words of an English-language song that you like. Then repeat them to yourself and try to sing with the music. Repeat the words as many times as possible until they become automatic. Soon you'll be singing the whole song. Or listen to one of your favourite actors on video and repeat one or two sentences that you like. Do it until it becomes automatic. It's good practice for your memory and for the mouth muscles that you need for English.
Above all, don't be afraid to speak. You must try to speak, even if you make mistakes. You cannot learn without mistakes. There is a saying: "The person who never made a mistake never made anything." So think of your mistakes as something positive and useful.
Speak as much as possible! Make as many mistakes as possible! When you know that you have made a mistake, you know that you have made progress.

Bí quyết học ngoại ngữ của một kỳ tài

Mỗi người có thể tự tìm cho mình một phương pháp học ngoại ngữ phù hợp và hiệu quả. Tuy nhiên, việc tham khảo kinh nghiệm của một số người thành công trong việc học ngoại ngữ cũng rất cần thiết và có ích. Lara Lomubus là một nữ phiên dịch nổi tiếng của Hungari. được tôn xưng là một kỳ tài ngoại ngữ. Bà đã thông hiểu hơn mười thứ tiếng như: Anh, Pháp, Nga, Trung Quốc, Nhật, Tây Ban Nha, ý, Ba Lan…

Để hồi đáp những bức thư thỉnh nguyện từ khắp nơi trên thế giới, bà đã khái quát kinh nghiệm học ngoại ngữ của bản thân sau nhiều nǎm mày mò học tập như sau:

1- Kiên trì học tập từng ngày, chỉ giành ra 10 phút cũng được. Buổi sáng là thời gian tốt nhất.
Cǎn cứ vào đặc điểm trí nhớ của con người trong điều kiện tổng thời lượng tương đồng, hiệu quả học nhiều lần trong thời gian ngắn luôn tốt hơn học một lần trong thời gian dài. Nếu cách 3 ngày học 30 phút từ mới, không bằng mỗi ngày học và củng cố trong 10 phút.
Sáng sớm khi vừa ngủ dậy não chúng ta chưa bị những tin tức hỗn tạp xâm nhập, khi học không bị tác động của tin tức hỗn hợp, tương tự như vậy, trước khi ngủ mà học tập, do sau đó không bị tác động của tin tức nên hiệu quả tương đối tốt.

2- Khi học đã chán nên thay đổi phương pháp và hình thức học.
Thường xuyên sử dụng một phương pháp rất dễ khiến cho chúng ta cảm thấy đơn điệu nhàm chán và mệt mỏi, kể cả những người có nghị lực cũng không là ngoại lệ. Nếu thường xuyên thay đổi phương thức học, chẳng hạn như chuyển đổi từ đọc qua nghe từ viết qua hội thoai, xem bǎng hình... như thế sẽ khiến cho người học có cảm nhận mới mẻ, dễ dàng tiếp thu tri thức.

3- Không thoát ly ngữ cảnh.
Đối với thanh thiếu niên, trí nhớ mang tính máy móc tương đối cao, đối với người trưởng thành, trí nhớ mang tính lý giải cao. Chỉ có những vấn đề đã được hiểu mới có thể cảm thụ một cách sâu sắc, mới ghi nhớ được.
Liên hệ với ngữ cảnh chính là nhấn mạnh phương pháp hiệu quả của sự ghi nhớ mang tính lý giải.

4- Cố gắng dịch thầm những thứ bạn tiếp xúc, chẳng hạn như quảng cáo, câu chữ gặp ngẫu nhiên.
Dịch thầm những thứ bạn tiếp xúc, có lợi cho việc mở rộng tri thức nâng cao khả nǎng phản ứng nhanh, khiến cho bản thân có thể nhanh chóng lấy từ câu, cú pháp từ trung khu đại não, phát hiện thấy không đủ thì lập tức bổ sung.

5- Chỉ có những cái đã được thầy giáo sửa chữa mới đáng ghi nhớ kỹ.
Nghĩa là cần phải ghi nhớ những cái đã được khẳng định là đúng. Học ngoại ngữ, không chỉ nắm bắt những kiến thức đúng trong giáo trình, mà còn phải thông qua giáo trình phản diện để học được cách tránh phạm lỗi. Cho nên ngoài việc học tập những kiến thức đã được thầy giáo hiệu chỉnh ra, còn phải xem thêm một số sách giảng giải về lỗi thường gặp.

6- Học ngoại ngữ, cần phải phối hợp từ nhiều phương diện.
Đọc báo, tạp chí, sác tham khảo, nghe đài, xem bǎng, tham dự các buổi đàm thoại.

7- Phải mạnh dạn tập nói, không sợ sai.
Cần phải nhờ người khác sửa lỗi, không sợ xấu hổ, không nhụt chí.

9- Thường xuyên viết và học thuộc những mô hình câu thường dùng.
Học ngoại ngữ không nên "vơ đũa cả nắm", nên nắm những điểm cốt lõi. Nhìn từ kết cấu của ngoại ngữ, nắm được những cấu trúc câu thường dùng là rất quan trọng. Trong câu thường có các từ, ngữ pháp, cú pháp và tập quán.

10- Cần phải tự tin, kiên trì mục đích đã định, sự kiên nhẫn sẽ tạo ra nghị lực phi thường và tài nǎng học ngoại ngữ.
Một nhà tư tưởng Mỹ từng nói: "Tự tin là bí quyết quan trọng đầu tiên của sự thắng lợi", nếu bạn không tin là bản thân sẽ học tốt ngoại ngữ thì chắc chắn bạn không bao giờ học giỏi được.

Học ngoại ngữ và để sử dụng được ngoại ngữ cần phải có một quá trình. Với mức độ cao hơn là làm chủ được ngoại ngữ đó, bạn cần nắm được vốn từ vựng cần thiết,
hiểu được các dạng ngữ pháp cơ bản, phải học, ôn luyện và thực hành nhiều ngày, nhiều giờ và nên lưu ý là khi bắt đầu học ngoại ngữ thì phải tin tưởng vào bản thân, tin rằng mình sẽ ghi nhớ được và nhất định sẽ

thành công... Vì thế, hãy đừng nôn nóng! Đối với việc học ngoại ngữ, kinh nghiệm cho thấy: “đầu tư thời gian” cũng là một yếu tố quan trọng.